Assessment of Microplastics Contamination in River Water, Bottled Water, Sachet Water and Branded Table Salt Samples in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria

Microplastics (MPs) < 5 mm-sized are regarded as global environmental contaminants. This study analyzes MP concentrations in the Kaduna River (raw water), treated water from two conventional treatment plants, brands of bottled water, and food-grade salts available Metropolis, Nigeria using standard methods. Data obtained show that levels MPs ranged 25 to 36 particles L-1 153 raw water. While samples contained 1.4 3.7 table salt 0.13 0.27 g-1. Water five different types polymers, including polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester, polyvinyl chloride polyethylene terephthalate. Additionally, were divided into three groups based on their physical characteristics. In both fragments clearly more prevalent; salt, fibers predominated. pose a medium pollution risk, according risk indices. The estimated daily intake was generally minimal, indicating little harm consumption, but it also demonstrates children have larger microplastics than adults. Leaching packing material identified MPs' primary source. fills knowledge gap area emerging microplastic sources, drinking salt.